The Explosive Atmospheres Directive (ATEX 137) is a European Union Directive which requires employers to protect workers from the risk of explosive atmospheres. The ATEX Directive was ratified and its...
Sulfur occurs naturally in crude oil, in concentrations typically ranging from 0.5 – 5.0 wt%. However, research has shown that the presence of sulfur in road fuels, at just a few hundred mg/kg,...
The practice of cost containment in the petroleum industry is an ongoing cycle. The balance between the declining quality of incoming crude oil and the heavily regulated quality of outgoing product ma...
Heavy fuel oils are blended products based on the residues from various refinery distillation and cracking processes. They are composed from the highest boiling-point distillate fractions and non-boil...
Besides other heavy metal, crude oil also contains mercury in varying mass fractions. When refining the crude oil, the mercury must be removed to prevent contamination of the resulting products. A pre...
Globally, the petroleum industry continues to employ tens of thousands of radioisotopes in activities that range from exploration and production to distribution. The presence of these radioisotope sou...
Lubricating oils are used in very difficult conditions in engines reaching high temperatures and varying pressure conditions in contact with many metallic parts. The lubricating function of the oil ca...
Accurate analysis of part-per-million and part-per-billion levels of sulfur-containing compounds is critical to effectively managing process streams and meeting regulations for low-level sulfur.Many o...
This paper addresses some key analytical issues which affect the accuracy and precision of analytical measurements required by hydrocarbon processors. These issues include the use of appropriate calib...
Catastrophic results can occur when a fire or a flammable/toxic gas release goes undetected in any petrochemical facility. For early warning and prompt hazard mitigation, flame detectors and gas detec...